Connect with us

HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

Carcinoma of the prostate stages, causes, treatment and How treatable is prostate cancer?

Published

on

By

Carcinoma of the prostate, also most commonly referred to as prostate cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped gland in the male reproductive system that sits below the bladder and in front of the rectum…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

Carcinoma of the prostate

Early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer can greatly improve the chances of a successful outcome. Treatment for prostate cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer, the man’s age and overall health, and his preferences.

Age Incidence

Rare before the age of 50. The incidence then increases with an increase in age to reach a peak incidence in the 9th decade of life (in the nineties). Common in the USA & Europe (dietary factors).

Risk factors

  1. Age.
  2. Ethnicity.
  3. Genetic.
  4. Family history.

Pathology

  1. Adenocarcinoma from the columnar epithelium of the prostatic acini (commonest). It occurs in the peripheral zone of the prostate that is located posterior to the ejaculatory ducts.
  2. Transitional carcinoma from the transitional epithelium lining the prostatic ducts (rare) occurs around the prostatic urethra in the central and transition- zones.

Grading (Gleason Score)

The Gleason score is based on the degree of glandular differentiation of the tumor. Glandular differentiation ranges from grade 1 (well differentiated) to grade 5 (poor differentiated). Since the patterns of differentiation in a single tumor are usually variable, the 2 most prominent grading patterns in a single tumor are selected by the pathologist. They are added together to give the Gleason score:

  1. Well-differentiated tumor: Gleason 2-4
  2. Moderately differentiated tumor: Gleason 5-7
  3. Poorly differentiated tumor: Gleason 8-10

E.g. if the 2 most prominent grading patterns in a single tumor are grades 2 and 4, the Gleason score would be 2 + 4 = 6 (moderately differentiated tumor).

Clinical Picture:

1. A small tumor (good prognosis) is asymptomatic. It is suspected in the presence of:

  • a hard nodule felt by digital rectal examination (DRE); or.
  • ↑ serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A prostatic biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis.

2. A large tumor (bad prognosis) causes one or more of the following manifestations:

  • Obstructive urinary symptoms and hematuria from malignant infiltration of the prostatic urethra.
  • Anuria from malignant infiltration and complete obstruction of both ureters behind the bladder.
  • Bone pain from bone metastasis.

Investigations

  1. Increased serum prostate specific antigen (PSA): it is not specific for prostatic carcinoma. It is also increased in the presence of prostatitis and BPH (normal serum PSA level = 0-4 ng/ml).
  2. DRE: identification of hard nodule or asymmetry of both lobes.
  3. Trans-rectal ultrasound: a hypoechoic lesion in the prostate, usually in the peripheral zone.
  4. Trans-rectal ultrasound guided biopsy from a suspicious prostatic hypoechoic lesion or a clinically felt hard nodule by DRF.
  5. CT abdomen & pelvis. Best for lymph node status.
  6. MRI. Best for local status of the tumor.
  7. Bone scan. For identification of bone metastasis.

Metastasis

  1. Hematogenous spread to the bone (lumbar vertebrae, pelvic bones, femur), lungs, liver, and brain. Bone metastasis is commonly osteoblastic. Osteolytic metastasis occurs rarely.
  2. Lymphatic spread to the pelvic (iliac and obturator) lymph nodes.
  3. Direct spread to the bladder, seminal vesicles or lower end of the ureters. Both ureters are sometimes completed obstructed by metastatic spread with subsequent anuria. The tumor does not reach the rectum because of Denonvillier’s fascia which acts as a natural barrier (it is a tough fibromuscular layer present between the prostate and rectum).

Treatment

  1. Active surveillance: small asymptomatic tumors do not necessarily progress to bigger sizes and higher grades, especially in patients older than 70 years. Follow up biopsy is advised.
  2. Radical prostatectomy: for small well-differentiated tumors with signs of progression during expectant treatment, or moderately differentiated tumors. The prostate, seminal vesicles and pelvic (iliac and obturator) lymph nodes are removed. The membranous urethra is then anastomosed to the bladder neck. Complications: impotence and urinary incontinence. postatectomy could be done by open approach, laparoscopic or robotic assisted.
  3. Radiotherapy: for both curative palliative intents. Complications: radiation cystitis, impotence and vesico-rectal fistula.
  4. Hormonal treatment: advanced and metastatic carcinoma of the prostate: Androgen deprivation: can be achieved by: (i) bilateral orchiectomy; (ii) anti-androgens as flutamide and cyproterone acetate; (iii) diethyl stilbestrol; or (iv) LHRH agonists. (v) LHRH antagonists.
  5. Palliative treatment: Transurethral resection of malignant prostatic tissue in acute retention of urine from invasion of the prostatic urethra. Ureteric stenting in hydroureteronephrosis.

 

READ FULL STORY HERE>>...CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>
Continue Reading
Click to comment

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

If You Fall In Blood Group O, Avoid These Habits And You Will Live Longer

Published

on

By

Living longer and healthier often involves understanding how our genetic predispositions, including blood type, can influence our health outcomes. For individuals with blood type O, there are specific habits and lifestyle choices that, when avoided, can contribute to a longer and healthier life.

Blood type O is often referred to as the “hunter” blood type in the context of the blood type diet theory, which suggests that individuals with this blood type may benefit from a diet that resembles that of early humans who were primarily hunters and gatherers. While the scientific evidence supporting the blood type diet is limited and controversial, there are other health considerations that individuals with blood type O should keep in mind…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

One of the most crucial factors for individuals with blood type O is maintaining a balanced diet. While specific diet plans may vary, it is generally recommended to avoid processed foods, particularly those high in sugars and unhealthy fats. Instead, focusing on a diet rich in lean proteins, fruits, and vegetables can help support overall health and well-being. This dietary approach not only aligns with potential benefits suggested by the blood type diet but also with broader nutritional guidelines for promoting longevity.

Another important consideration for individuals with blood type O is regular physical activity. Engaging in regular exercise not only helps maintain a healthy weight but also promotes cardiovascular health, strengthens bones and muscles, and improves overall mood and mental well-being. Activities such as brisk walking, jogging, swimming, or participating in sports can all contribute to a longer and healthier life.

In addition to diet and exercise, managing stress levels is essential for individuals with blood type O. High-stress levels can contribute to a range of health problems, including hypertension, digestive issues, and impaired immune function. Techniques such as mindfulness meditation, yoga, or spending time in nature can help reduce stress and promote relaxation. READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>> READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>

Furthermore, individuals with blood type O should be mindful of their caffeine and alcohol intake. While moderate consumption of coffee or tea may have some health benefits, excessive caffeine intake can lead to insomnia, anxiety, and digestive problems. Similarly, excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of liver disease, cardiovascular problems, and certain types of cancer.

Lastly, avoiding smoking and maintaining regular health check-ups are crucial habits for individuals with blood type O. Smoking significantly increases the risk of various diseases, including lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. Regular health check-ups allow for early detection and management of potential health issues, helping to maintain overall health and longevity.

In conclusion, while genetics and blood type play a role in health outcomes, lifestyle choices such as diet, exercise, stress management, and avoiding harmful habits like smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are crucial for individuals with blood type O to live longer and healthier lives. By adopting these habits, individuals can optimize their health and well-being, regardless of their blood type, and potentially increase their lifespan.

 

READ FULL STORY HERE>>...CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>
Continue Reading

HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

If You Don’t Want To Suffer Stroke At Old Age, Avoid Excess Intake Of These 3 Things

Published

on

By

As we age, the risk of suffering a stroke increases, but many of the factors contributing to stroke are modifiable through lifestyle choices, particularly diet. While no single factor guarantees a stroke-free life, reducing the intake of certain substances can help mitigate the risk significantly. Among the key culprits that contribute to stroke risk are excessive consumption of salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats. Here’s how these three substances affect stroke risk and why you should consider limiting them:

1. Excessive Salt (Sodium):

High sodium intake is one of the leading contributors to hypertension, which is a major risk factor for stroke. When you consume too much salt, it can cause your blood pressure to rise, putting extra strain on the heart and blood vessels. Over time, this can lead to damage to the arteries, making them more prone to blockages, which can trigger a stroke. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends limiting salt intake to less than 5 grams per day. However, many people consume much more, primarily from processed foods, canned soups, fast food, and restaurant meals, where sodium is often hidden in excess. By reducing salt intake and choosing low-sodium alternatives, you can significantly lower your chances of developing high blood pressure and, by extension, stroke…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

 

2. Excessive Sugar (Added Sugars):

A diet high in refined sugars can contribute to the development of several conditions that increase stroke risk, including obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure. Consuming too much sugar causes an increase in blood glucose levels, leading to insulin resistance, weight gain, and inflammation—all of which are linked to an elevated risk of stroke. Additionally, high blood sugar can damage blood vessels over time, leading to atherosclerosis, or the hardening and narrowing of the arteries. To protect your brain health, it’s important to limit sugary foods and beverages, especially sodas, candies, and baked goods, which contain added sugars that can cause rapid spikes in blood sugar. The American Heart Association recommends no more than 6 teaspoons (25 grams) of added sugar per day for women and 9 teaspoons (38 grams) for men. READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>

3. Unhealthy Fats (Trans and Saturated Fats):

Not all fats are created equal, and while some fats are essential for good health, unhealthy fats—particularly trans fats and excess saturated fats—can increase your risk of stroke. Trans fats, often found in processed and packaged foods like baked goods, snacks, and margarine, can raise bad cholesterol (LDL) levels and lower good cholesterol (HDL). This leads to plaque buildup in the arteries, a condition known as atherosclerosis, which significantly increases the likelihood of a stroke. Similarly, a diet high in saturated fats, commonly found in fatty cuts of meat, full-fat dairy products, and certain oils (like palm and coconut oil), can also elevate LDL cholesterol and promote the narrowing of arteries. Replacing these unhealthy fats with healthy fats—such as those found in nuts, seeds, avocados, and olive oil—can help protect against strokes.

Final Thoughts: While there is no magic bullet to prevent a stroke, maintaining a balanced, nutritious diet is one of the most effective strategies for lowering stroke risk in older age. Reducing your intake of excess salt, sugar, and unhealthy fats can help regulate blood pressure, prevent plaque buildup, and maintain healthy blood vessels, all of which reduce the risk of stroke. Along with a healthy diet, regular physical activity, not smoking, and managing stress are also critical components of a stroke-prevention plan. By making conscious choices to limit these three substances in your diet, you can significantly improve your long-term health and reduce your chances of experiencing a stroke in old age.

 

 

READ FULL STORY HERE>>...CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>
Continue Reading

HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

How Long Does It Take For a Healthy Person to Show HIV Symptoms.

Published

on

By

In most situations, the first HIV symptoms show up 2–4 weeks after a person is exposed to the virus, but in certain circumstances, they might take months or even years to manifest.

HIV is the name of the virus that causes the illness of the same name. AIDS, a lethal disease brought on by a person’s immune system being significantly weakened, is its last stage.

Blood, breast milk, and sexual fluids are all ways that HIV can transmit. According to research, 94% of HIV infections in 2015 were caused by sexual contact…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

initial signs of HIV

HIV infection does not always result in immediate symptoms. It takes between two and four weeks for HIV symptoms to manifest.

Sometimes symptoms won’t show up for months or even years.

Timeline

HIV is categorized by doctors into three stages.

Acute HIV infection in Stage 1

A person with HIV exhibits specific symptoms when they are first infected. READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>

Fatigue, muscle aches, rashes, headaches, sore throats, enlarged lymph nodes, joint discomfort, night sweats, and diarrhea are some of the symptoms.

A credible source claims that some of these symptoms are more likely to materialize than others. The likelihood of each of the symptoms is mentioned above in decreasing order.

HIV infection in stage 2 is ongoing.

The following are signs of a chronic HIV infection, according to certain studies, says a dependable source: yeast infection in the vagina and oral hairy leukoplakia, which results in white, scaly areas on the tongue. Possible diagnoses include shingles, neuropathy, cervical dysplasia, and the blood clotting condition idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura.

The person’s immune system will suffer considerably if this stage continues. Their body will have a harder time fighting off infections and other illnesses as a result.

3.AIDS in Stage

AIDS manifests when a person’s CD4 cell count is significantly decreased as a result of HIV infection.

White blood cells called T cells, sometimes referred to as CD4 cells, are one type. They serve as the body’s defense against harmful microorganisms. These cells become dysfunctional as a result of HIV infection.

 

READ FULL STORY HERE>>...CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>
Continue Reading

Trending