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Carcinoma of the prostate stages, causes, treatment and How treatable is prostate cancer?

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Carcinoma of the prostate, also most commonly referred to as prostate cancer, is a type of cancer that develops in the prostate gland. The prostate gland is a small, walnut-shaped gland in the male reproductive system that sits below the bladder and in front of the rectum…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

Carcinoma of the prostate

Early diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer can greatly improve the chances of a successful outcome. Treatment for prostate cancer depends on many factors, including the stage of the cancer, the man’s age and overall health, and his preferences.

Age Incidence

Rare before the age of 50. The incidence then increases with an increase in age to reach a peak incidence in the 9th decade of life (in the nineties). Common in the USA & Europe (dietary factors).

Risk factors

  1. Age.
  2. Ethnicity.
  3. Genetic.
  4. Family history.

Pathology

  1. Adenocarcinoma from the columnar epithelium of the prostatic acini (commonest). It occurs in the peripheral zone of the prostate that is located posterior to the ejaculatory ducts.
  2. Transitional carcinoma from the transitional epithelium lining the prostatic ducts (rare) occurs around the prostatic urethra in the central and transition- zones.

Grading (Gleason Score)

The Gleason score is based on the degree of glandular differentiation of the tumor. Glandular differentiation ranges from grade 1 (well differentiated) to grade 5 (poor differentiated). Since the patterns of differentiation in a single tumor are usually variable, the 2 most prominent grading patterns in a single tumor are selected by the pathologist. They are added together to give the Gleason score:

  1. Well-differentiated tumor: Gleason 2-4
  2. Moderately differentiated tumor: Gleason 5-7
  3. Poorly differentiated tumor: Gleason 8-10

E.g. if the 2 most prominent grading patterns in a single tumor are grades 2 and 4, the Gleason score would be 2 + 4 = 6 (moderately differentiated tumor).

Clinical Picture:

1. A small tumor (good prognosis) is asymptomatic. It is suspected in the presence of:

  • a hard nodule felt by digital rectal examination (DRE); or.
  • ↑ serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA). A prostatic biopsy is required to confirm the diagnosis.

2. A large tumor (bad prognosis) causes one or more of the following manifestations:

  • Obstructive urinary symptoms and hematuria from malignant infiltration of the prostatic urethra.
  • Anuria from malignant infiltration and complete obstruction of both ureters behind the bladder.
  • Bone pain from bone metastasis.

Investigations

  1. Increased serum prostate specific antigen (PSA): it is not specific for prostatic carcinoma. It is also increased in the presence of prostatitis and BPH (normal serum PSA level = 0-4 ng/ml).
  2. DRE: identification of hard nodule or asymmetry of both lobes.
  3. Trans-rectal ultrasound: a hypoechoic lesion in the prostate, usually in the peripheral zone.
  4. Trans-rectal ultrasound guided biopsy from a suspicious prostatic hypoechoic lesion or a clinically felt hard nodule by DRF.
  5. CT abdomen & pelvis. Best for lymph node status.
  6. MRI. Best for local status of the tumor.
  7. Bone scan. For identification of bone metastasis.

Metastasis

  1. Hematogenous spread to the bone (lumbar vertebrae, pelvic bones, femur), lungs, liver, and brain. Bone metastasis is commonly osteoblastic. Osteolytic metastasis occurs rarely.
  2. Lymphatic spread to the pelvic (iliac and obturator) lymph nodes.
  3. Direct spread to the bladder, seminal vesicles or lower end of the ureters. Both ureters are sometimes completed obstructed by metastatic spread with subsequent anuria. The tumor does not reach the rectum because of Denonvillier’s fascia which acts as a natural barrier (it is a tough fibromuscular layer present between the prostate and rectum).

Treatment

  1. Active surveillance: small asymptomatic tumors do not necessarily progress to bigger sizes and higher grades, especially in patients older than 70 years. Follow up biopsy is advised.
  2. Radical prostatectomy: for small well-differentiated tumors with signs of progression during expectant treatment, or moderately differentiated tumors. The prostate, seminal vesicles and pelvic (iliac and obturator) lymph nodes are removed. The membranous urethra is then anastomosed to the bladder neck. Complications: impotence and urinary incontinence. postatectomy could be done by open approach, laparoscopic or robotic assisted.
  3. Radiotherapy: for both curative palliative intents. Complications: radiation cystitis, impotence and vesico-rectal fistula.
  4. Hormonal treatment: advanced and metastatic carcinoma of the prostate: Androgen deprivation: can be achieved by: (i) bilateral orchiectomy; (ii) anti-androgens as flutamide and cyproterone acetate; (iii) diethyl stilbestrol; or (iv) LHRH agonists. (v) LHRH antagonists.
  5. Palliative treatment: Transurethral resection of malignant prostatic tissue in acute retention of urine from invasion of the prostatic urethra. Ureteric stenting in hydroureteronephrosis.

 

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HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

These Mistakes Rapidly Increase Uric Acid: Avoid Them Today

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Uric acid is a waste product that is naturally present in the blood, formed from the breakdown of purines, substances found in certain foods and produced by the body. Normally, uric acid is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted through urine. However, when uric acid levels become elevated, it can lead to various health issues, including joint pain and more severe conditions such as gout. Managing uric acid levels effectively is crucial for maintaining overall health…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

Understanding Uric Acid and Its Impact
Uric acid levels typically range from 3.5 to 7.2 mg/dL, though these values can vary between individuals. When the body produces excessive uric acid or the kidneys are unable to eliminate it efficiently, uric acid can accumulate in the bloodstream, leading to a condition known as hyperuricemia. This condition often results in symptoms like severe pain in the joints, particularly in the fingers and toes, redness in the soles of the feet, increased thirst, and sometimes even fever.

Common Dietary Mistakes Leading to Elevated Uric Acid Levels
Excessive Consumption of Oil and Spices: In many diets, especially in certain cuisines, oil and spices are used liberally. Excessive intake of these ingredients can contribute to higher uric acid levels. For instance, dishes that are deep-fried or heavily spiced can elevate uric acid, leading to health complications. Preserved foods, which are often high in additives and oils, can also contribute to increased uric acid levels.

High Protein Foods: Foods high in protein, such as legumes, are known to raise uric acid levels. While legumes are a valuable source of protein, overconsumption or improperly stored legumes (e.g., those left out at room temperature for extended periods) can exacerbate uric acid issues. It is crucial to store legumes properly, preferably in the refrigerator if they are not consumed immediately, to prevent a rapid increase in uric acid.

Consumption of Sour Foods: Certain sour foods, including amchur (dried mango powder), tamarind, raw tomatoes, and raw mango drinks, can increase uric acid levels. While these foods add flavor, they can exacerbate uric acid problems, particularly if consumed in large amounts. Opting for alternatives like lemon or amla (Indian gooseberry) can be beneficial, as these can help in reducing elevated uric acid levels.

Eating Outside Food: Many people enjoy eating out, but external food items such as kachoris, samosas, and non-vegetarian dishes often contain excessive amounts of oil and spices. These can lead to an increase in uric acid levels. Furthermore, non-vegetarian dishes often contain higher levels of purines, which can further contribute to elevated uric acid. Limiting the intake of such foods and focusing on homemade, balanced meals can help in managing uric acid levels. READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>

Lifestyle Changes to Manage Uric Acid Levels
Adopt a Physically Active Lifestyle: Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining overall health and managing uric acid levels. Incorporate activities such as walking, jogging, or other forms of exercise into your daily routine. Physical activity helps in maintaining a healthy weight and supports the effective elimination of uric acid from the body.

Balanced Diet: Include fiber-rich foods in your diet, such as whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Opt for low-fat dairy products like yogurt and buttermilk, which can aid in managing uric acid levels. Eating balanced meals at regular intervals helps in maintaining metabolic stability and preventing excessive uric acid buildup.

Stay Hydrated: Drinking plenty of water throughout the day is crucial. Water helps in flushing out excess uric acid through urine and prevents dehydration, which can worsen uric acid levels. Aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water daily.

Avoid Irregular Eating Patterns: Stick to a regular eating schedule and avoid overeating or skipping meals. Irregular eating habits can disrupt metabolic processes and contribute to increased uric acid levels.

Managing uric acid levels requires a combination of dietary awareness and lifestyle modifications. By avoiding common dietary mistakes, such as excessive consumption of high-protein foods, sour foods, and external food items, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, individuals can effectively control their uric acid levels and reduce the risk of associated health issues. Making these changes today can lead to long-term health benefits and improved quality of life.

 

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HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

4 Fruits To Eat To Make Blood Flow Very Well In Your Body

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These 4 Fruits to Improve Your Circulation Today!

The first step in ensuring that sufficient blood is able to circulate throughout your body is to ensure that your blood arteries are not blocked. As a direct consequence of this, the elasticity and suppleness of your blood vessels will be restored.

Because the blood arteries are going to be freed up, the blood flow is going to become more unrestricted. According to Healthline, the heart does not need to work particularly hard in order for blood to be pumped through the veins…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

The body can clean out its arteries by utilizing certain fruit components, which can be found in fruits. As a direct consequence of receiving this treatment, the blood vessels will not grow inflamed, brittle, or burst.

Both the unclogging and strengthening of blood vessels can be helped along by the use of specific minerals, nutrients that are present in plants (called phytonutrients), and proteolytic enzymes. The results of your hard work are presented in the following list.

Rutin is a type of bioflavonoid that can be found in citrus fruits such as oranges, grapefruits, and tangerines. Taking these bioflavonoids regularly can assist in the strengthening of your blood vessels.

Rutin is frequently isolated by scientists and included into various dietary supplements. When peeling an orange, you should take care to remove only the outer layer of skin that is green or yellow. Consume the entire orange, including the white covering that sits on top of it. READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>

Rutin, which has medicinal properties that strengthen your blood vessels, can be tasted, despite the fact that the bitterness is highly medicinal and helpful to both your health and your health specifically.

If you haven’t done so already, peel the pineapple. There is something in the core of your pineapple that you should look for. This is a challenging part of the process to go through. There is a particular region of the pineapple that is particularly rich in bromelin. If you consume it first thing in the morning on an empty stomach, it may help unclog your arteries and protect you from developing heart disease.

Another trace element that helps strengthen the blood arteries is copper, which can be found in bananas and avocados.

Copper is required in our diets in only trace amounts; yet, over consumption of this mineral can be detrimental to the health of our blood vessels.

Your delicate blood arteries will not burst into an aneurysm, and you will not have any internal bleeding as a result of this.

Getting your hands on an unripe pawpaw is the fourth possible course of action. Peel it and eat it in this form first thing in the morning when your stomach is empty. This dish has a significant amount of papain, which is an effective enzyme for cleaning out the arteries.

The proteolytic enzyme found in pawpaw contributes to the unclogging of blood vessels, which in turn improves the flow of blood to the organs in the body.

 

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HEALTH & LIFESTYLE

What typically Happens To Your Body if You Have Not Eaten For a While

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Not eaten for a week can have significant effect on your body. The body Will initially rely on glycogen store for energy, but after 24 to 48 hours, it begins to break down fat and muscle tissue for fuel.

1. Muscles loss: Since the body needs protein for a certain essential functions, prolonged fasting can lead to muscles breakdown as protein is used as alternative energy source…Click Here To Continue Reading>> …Click Here To Continue Reading>>

 

2. Energy depletion: Glycogen, the stored form of glucose in the liver and muscles, get depleted within the first 24 to 48 hours. The body starts using fat stores for energy through a process called ketosis.

3. Immune system and Suppression: A lack of nutrients over time can weaken the immune system, making it harder for your body to fight off infections.

4. Metal and emotional changes: As energy reserves deplete, metal clarity and mood can be affected, potentially leading to irritability, confusion or mood swings. READ FULL STORY HERE>>>CLICK HERE TO CONTINUE READING>>>

5. Dehydration risk: Since food contains water, not eating can increase the risk of dehydration which can worsen the symptoms of weakness and fatigue.

6. Fatigue and weakness: Without food, blood sugar levels drop, leading to extreme fatigue, dizziness and difficult Concentrating.

 

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